What doctrine was put into national law as a result of McCullough v. Madison?

The correct answer is the doctrine of implied powers, which emerged from the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. This case established a crucial precedent regarding the powers of the federal government under the Constitution. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that Congress has the authority to create a national bank, even though the Constitution does not explicitly grant this power.

This was rooted in the concept of implied powers, which suggests that the government can take actions that are not expressly outlined in the Constitution if such actions are deemed necessary to fulfill its constitutional duties. The ruling reinforced the idea that the federal government possesses greater authority than what is strictly written in the Constitution, allowing it to adapt to changing needs and circumstances.

In contrast, other doctrines mentioned do not pertain to the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland. The doctrine of separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The doctrine of nullification is related to states' rights and the idea that states can invalidate federal laws they find unconstitutional. Finally, the doctrine of popular sovereignty centers on the principle that the government's power derives from the consent of the governed, particularly in